Accounting liability

A life insurance company has to file an annual report that shows the total of the "liability" on each individual policy. I believe that they pay a cash value that is much lower than the reported "liability". Is this fair? What does "liability" really mean?

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In financial accounting, a liability is defined as an obligation of an entity arising from past transactions or events, the settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of assets, provision of services or other yielding of economic benefits in the future.

> They embody a duty or responsibility to others that entails settlement by future transfer or use of assets, provision of services or other yielding of economic benefits, at a specified or determinable date, on occurrence of a specified event, or on demand;

> The duty or responsibility obligates the entity leaving it little or no discretion to avoid it; and,

> The transaction or event obligating the entity has already occurred.

Liabilities in financial accounting need not be legally enforceable; but can be based on equitable obligations or constructive obligations. An equitable obligation is a duty based on ethical or moral considerations. A constructive obligation is an obligation that can be inferred from a set of facts in a particular situation as opposed to a contractually based obligation.

Probably the most accepted accounting definition of liability is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB). The following is a quotation from IFRS Framework:

> A liability is a present obligation of the enterprise arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the enterprise of resources embodying economic benefits

Regulations as to the recognition of liabilities are different all over the world, but are roughly similar to those of the IASB. Examples of types of liabilities include: money owing on a loan, money owing on a mortgage, or an IOU.